Macular degeneration is one of the leading causes of vision loss in adults over 50, but many people are unaware of what triggers it - or whether they're at risk. Often slow to develop in its early stages, this condition affects the macula, the small part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. Over time, it can make everyday tasks like reading, recognising faces, or driving increasingly difficult.
In this article, we’ll break down the most common causes - and some lesser-known ones - so you can understand what’s behind this condition and how to take steps to protect your vision.
What Is Age-Related Macular Degeneration?
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye condition that can develop in older people. The macula, an area of the eye that controls central vision, can begin to thin with age, and deposits called drusen can build up behind the retina.
This condition worsens over time, and can lead to a loss of central vision and difficulty recognising faces.
There are two types of macular degeneration:
-
Dry AMD - The most common form of AMD, dry AMD is projected to affect over 280 million people by 2040. Drusen deposits build up behind the eye, impacting central vision.
-
Wet AMD - Wet AMD stems from dry AMD - to get wet AMD, you must first have dry AMD. It is caused by abnormal blood vessels in the eye, or retinal scarring. This form of macular degeneration progresses quickly and causes many similar symptoms to dry AMD.
The Main Causes of Macular Degeneration
There are several potential causes of dry AMD:
Age
Age is one of the primary causes of AMD. Although it can develop during middle age, it is far more common in people over 50, and the risk increases as people age. People over 70 are particularly at risk, and it’s recommended they get their eyes tested at least once per year to consistently check for any symptoms.
As people get over, cell regeneration reduces, and the skin behind the retina can begin to thin.
Smoking
Smoking is a significant contributor to dry AMD. The chemicals found in tobacco smoke are highly toxic, and when inhaled, are transported around the body and to the delicate structure of the eyes, where it can damage the cell structure and release free radicals into the body, which damage the body’s ability to regenerate cells effectively.
Smoking can damage the blood vessels in the eye, leading to a much higher chance of developing dry AMD. Smokers may develop AMD up to ten years earlier than non-smokers, and it can progress faster too.
Family History
If you have a family history of dry AMD, you are at a higher risk of developing it yourself. Your eyes may naturally be more vulnerable to oxidative stress, leading to quicker progression of macular degeneration.
Environmental Factors
Other environmental factors can impact the development of macular degeneration. For example, a poor diet can have a big impact, as a lack of antioxidants naturally found in fruits and vegetables can lead to more cell damage and prevent cells from repairing.
Regular exercise can also contribute to overall health and manage risk factors, as can using sunglasses that block harmful UV rays.
When To See A Doctor
If you’re worried about dry AMD, schedule an appointment with your doctor or optician. They will be able to use specialist scans and techniques to see if there is any thinning of your macular, even if it is still in the early stages.
If you are experiencing any of the following symptoms, consult your optician:
-
Vision Changes - More floaters appearing in your vision, or increasingly blurred vision, could point to the development of AMD.
-
Wavy or Distorted Lines - Macular degeneration can cause straight lines to look bent or wavy. Using an Amsler grid can help to identify this symptom.
-
A Need For Brighter Light - Dry AMD can lead to a need for much brighter light to do day-to-day activities, such as reading.
If you already have AMD but notice your symptoms getting much worse, this may indicate the development of wet AMD. Get in touch with your optician or doctor straight away if you notice this occurring.
Macular Degeneration Treatment with Dry AMD Clinic
If you’re worried about dry AMD, treatment is available with Dry AMD Clinic. Leveraging innovative photobiomodulation technology, we can help to slow the progress of dry AMD and preserve your vision for as long as possible.
Get in touch today to book an appointment or discover more about our unique treatments.